A conventional approach

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.9pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 21pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b> </div> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David Williams QC provides an introduction to the 1996 Hague Convention<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/styles/article_image_wide/public/article_images/Williams%20pic_1.JPG?itok=vzWG7fQd" style='width:150pt;height:103.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" o:title="Williams%20pic_1"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/styles/article_image_wide/public/article_images/Williams%20pic_1.JPG?itok=vzWG7fQd" height="138" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">The <a href="http://www.hcch.net/upload/conventions/txt34en.pdf"><span style="border: currentColor; color: #015697; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="border: currentColor;">Hague Convention on Parental Responsibility and Protection of Children</span></span></a> (1996 Hague Convention) came into effect on 1 November 2012 after a very long gestation period. Its entry into force represents another step towards a common approach in the international family law community on issues such as jurisdiction, reciprocal enforcement and co-operation. Like its half-sibling, EC Regulation 2201/2003 (BIIR), with which it shares much of its genetic make-up, it covers public and private law cases, abduction situations and placement of children abroad. Although much of its content is already covered in the EU by BIIR there are significant members of the international legal community outside the EU who are now covered and in some narrow areas the 1996 Hague Convention covers issues that BIIR does not. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Origins</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1996 Hague Convention, is the third in a line of Conventions set up with the same fundamental purpose of ensuring the protection of children in international situations. It replaces the 1961 Convention which gave rise to problems in respect of the foundation of jurisdiction, in particular in giving ultimate priority to nationality rather than habitual residence. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is intended to provide practical mechanisms for co-operation between contracting states in implementing child protection measures. It is not intended to change the substantive law on child protection of any signatory state (see <a href="http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=2943&dtid=3"><span style="color: #015697; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Explanatory Report</span></a> by Paul Lagarde, para 7). This is also consistent with the way the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has interpreted the effect of BIIR: See </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JMCB-v-LE </span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2011] 1 FLR 518.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aims/purpose</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The full title, the Convention of 19th October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children, repeats the titles of the four principal chapters of the Convention so as to “not lend itself to any confusion” (Lagarde). It does what it says on the tin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1996 Convention does not aim to create a uniform international law of child protection. Instead, the Convention’s function is to improve the protection of children in international situations by providing the mechanics for an integrated system of co-operation, recognition and enforcement. It aims to avoid legal and administrative conflicts and to build the structure for effective international co-operation in child protection matters between the different systems (Outline).<br /> <br /> It is intended to have a broader scope than the 1980 Hague Convention and the 1993 Hague Convention on adoption.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The objects of the Convention are defined in Art 1:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.6pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">"The objects of the present Convention are: </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.6pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.    to determine the state whose authorities have jurisdiction to take measures directed to the protection of the person or property of the child;<br /> b.    to determine which law is to be applied by such authorities in exercising their jurisdiction;<br /> c.    to determine the law applicable to parental responsibility (PR);<br /> d.    to provide for the recognition and enforcement of such measures of protection in all contracting states;<br /> e.    to establish such co-operation between the authorities of the contracting states as may be necessary in order to achieve the purposes of this convention."<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By Art 2, the Convention applies to children from birth until their 18th birthday.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The draft Practical Operation Handbook 2011 envisages that the children who could benefit from an implementation of the 1996 Convention include, among others: <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.6pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">a.    Those who are the subject of international parental disputes over custody or contact; </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> b.    Those who are the subject of international abduction (including in those states which are not able to join the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention);<br /> c.    Those who are placed abroad in alternative care arrangements which do not come within the definition of adoption and are therefore outside the scope of the 1993 Hague Inter-country Adoption Convention;<br /> d.    Those who are the subject of cross-border trafficking and other forms of exploitation, including sexual abuse;<br /> e.    Those who are refugees or unaccompanied minors.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Practical information</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Signatories/entry into force</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Convention took effect on 1 January 2002 when ratified by a third country (Monaco, Czech Republic and Slovakia). However its take-up was then very limited until 2010 when the EU member states began to ratify. The Convention has entered into effect (or is soon to do so) in 36 states. Signatory states where it has not yet entered into effect are Belgium, Italy, Sweden and the US. New Zealand is also considering adopting the Convention. Morocco was one of the first to ratify. This was of great significance given that the Moroccan legal system is set in Islamic Law. An example of the attempt to engage with Islamic systems within the Convention is the inclusion of the Islamic institution of Kafala, an equivalent to adoption, when making provisions for cross-frontier placements of children in institutional care.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interface with BIIR</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The EU recognised the potential benefits of the 1996 Convention and as a result incorporated much of the Convention into BIIR. Article 61 of BIIR gives the Regulation primacy over the Convention where they cover the same subject matter. The 1996 Convention will continue to have effect in matters which are not governed by BIIR, Art 62.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The correlation between the 1996 and BIIR is illustrated below:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/Hague%20Convention_Table%201.JPG" style='width:900pt;height:515.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" o:title="Hague%20Convention_Table%201"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/Hague%20Convention_Table%201.JPG" border="0" height="687" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="1200" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> There are some significant differences between BIIR and the Convention. BIIR has no equivalent of the applicable law provisions but there are also differences in respect of provisional measures based on presence, on defences to recognition and on enforcement of protective measures made in 1980 Hague Abduction cases which are recognised under the 1996 Convention but not under BIIR: </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purrucker-v-Perez</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: C-256/09 [CJEU]. Conversely, the 1996 Convention does not contain divorce/separation jurisdictional provisions and has no equivalent of BIIR Art 11, in particular the “second bite of the cherry” provisions or the fast-track enforcement for contact or the certification provisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The majority of members of the EU and thus to whom BIIR applies have also ratified the 1996 Hague Convention. However this is not so for all.<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/Hague%20Convention_Table%202.JPG" style='width:900pt;height:565.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg" o:title="Hague%20Convention_Table%202"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/files/Hague%20Convention_Table%202.JPG" border="0" height="754" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="1200" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> The status table detailing the progress of the signatory states can be found <a href="http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.status&cid=70"><span style="color: #015697; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">here</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources of Information</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In addition to Paul Lagarde’s Explanatory Report, there is also a <a href="http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=5535&dtid=2"><span style="color: #015697; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">draft Practical Operation Handbook</span></a> which is currently still under revision.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Implementation in England and Wales</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The FPR 2010 rr 12 and 31 contain the procedural requirements in respect of applications under the 1996 Convention. The practical issues of making an application may be the subject of a separate article. The central authority for England and Wales is the International Child Abduction and Contact Unit (ICACU). <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The practical application of the 1996 Convention</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So far there is only one reported decision on the application (</span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Re Y</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Court of Appeal, 22.1.13) of the Convention and the responses to Hague Conference questionnaire to central authorities on the operation of Convention showed there was little experience in practice of how it worked. The draft Practical Operation Handbook contains many examples of how it might apply and in the next article we will consider these.<br /> <br /> </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis & discussion of the Convention itself</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Convention comprises seven chapters of which four contain the substance and which make up the Title of the Convention:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 34.6pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a)    Jurisdiction, (Chapter II)<br /> (b)    Applicable Law (Chapter III)<br /> (c)    Recognition and Enforcement (Chapter IV)<br /> (d)    Co-operation. (Chapter V)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some other miscellaneous items of interest are found in the scope, general provisions and final clauses.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jurisdiction: Chapter II</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Habitual residence</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The basic jurisdictional foundation for a court considering an application in respect of a child is found in Art 5 and is the habitual residence of the child. Where habitual residence changes jurisdiction will follow. The big question is what meaning will be ascribed to habitual residence? <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presence of the child</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Art 6 provides the jurisdiction based on presence of the child—relevant both when the child has been displaced from their country of habitual residence or where their habitual residence cannot be established.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abduction cases</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In abduction cases the jurisdiction of the country of habitual residence immediately prior to the abduction is retained by Art 7. This in large part mirrors Art 10 of BIIR although there are some slight differences as to the circumstances in which jurisdiction is lost (arising largely from the absence of the Art 11(6-8) equivalent in the Convention). The Art makes explicit reference to the fact that the courts of the requested state can make protective orders under Art 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transfer of jurisdiction</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Articles 8 and 9 taken together provide a forum conveniens route to the transfer of jurisdiction similar to Art 15 of BIIR.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prorogation in divorce or legal separation</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 10 permits a court dealing with divorce or separation to take jurisdiction over matters of PR as Art 12 of BIIR does.<br /> <br /> </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urgent measures</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 11 provides for situations where protective measures are urgently needed in relation to a child present in the territory of the contracting state. It is the equivalent of BIIR Art 20. It can be used in abduction situations (Explanatory Report, para 71-2). Because of the terms of Art 23 and automatic recognition these measures would be recognised in the country of habitual residence. In </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Re Y</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the Court of Appeal concluded that undertakings fell within the definition of “protective measures” and were capable of recognition and enforcement. A significant issue remains whether they can be made enforceable in those civil law countries which do not have undertakings as part of their domestic legal framework. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provisional measures</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 12 provides a jurisdiction by which provisional measures may be taken in respect of a child present in the state even where there is no urgency. Those measures must not be incompatible with measures taken in the state of primary jurisdiction and lapse as soon as the authorities of that state have taken a decision on protection. Article 12 cannot be used in abduction situations (Art 7(3)).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Court first seised/Lis Pendens</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 13 prevents a court to whom an application has been made (and which might have jurisdiction under Arts 5–10) from exercising jurisdiction if at the time of commencement of those proceedings similar measures have been requested from another court having jurisdiction under Arts 5–10 and which are still pending. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orders of continuing effect notwithstanding loss of jurisdiction</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 14 seeks to ensure that an order made in one country remains valid notwithstanding that the jurisdiction of that court has been lost, for instance following a lawful move. The Art makes clear that such an order may be superceded by a subsequent order of the court with the later jurisdiction which modifies, replaces or terminates the original measure. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applicable law: Chapter III</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This part of the Convention aims to bring some clarity to the circumstances in which the laws of one country may be exercised in the courts of another or where they may be relevant to the operation of the laws of another country by reason of a move across borders. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Law applicable to measures of protection</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 15(1) provides that in exercising their jurisdiction under Pt II (Arts 5-14) courts shall apply their own law. For English lawyers this is self-evident but for jurisdictions which might have applied the law relating to the nationality of the parties and the child (ie Spain) it is important. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">By Art 15(3) where protective measures have been taken in state A and the child moves to state B the law of state B governs the operation of those measures. So for instance where PR is granted by the courts of state A and the family moves to state B the laws of state B will thereafter govern the exercise of PR. Thus state A’s law might require a guardian to obtain court authority for certain acts but the law of state B would not then the measure may not operate in the way originally intended. Shared residence orders which define how parental authority is exercised may also create interesting issues.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Attribution or extinction of PR</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">The provision is not easy to follow but in essence provides that the attribution or extinction of PR is governed by the law of the state of the child’s habitual residence. Article 16(3) provides that PR acquired in state A will continue to exist in state B even if it would not have been acquired in state B on the same facts. Article 16(4) then provides the converse that if a person had not acquired PR by operation of law in state A they may acquire it in state B if habitual residence moves to that state. How this would work for instance in relation to unmarried fathers who are registered on a birth certificate in state A (but did not acquire PR) and moved to England is unclear as the Act sets out clear requirements as to the way registration is effected.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Exercise of PR</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">The exercise of PR is governed by the law of the state of the child’s habitual residence. If the child's habitual residence changes, it is governed by the law of the state of the new habitual residence. Its relevance may arise where for instance under the law of state A the holder of PR could act alone whereas under the law of state B he must act in conjunction with another.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Termination or modification of PR</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 18 confirms that measures may be taken to extinguish or modify PR created by operation of law, agreement or unilateral act and might be particularly relevant where following a number of moves too many individuals or authorities had acquired PR.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protection of third parties</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 19 protects third parties who have entered a transaction with a child via their legal representative. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applicable law rules apply to laws of non-member states, renvoi & public policy</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Articles 20–22 contain some hard to decipher provisions on these topics. Careful perusal of them with a cold towel wrapped around ones head is necessary to begin to understand them. Their impact is beyond the scope of this article and the understanding of the author.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition & enforcement: Chapter IV</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Chapter IV contains six Articles—in contrast to Chapter III of BIIR which contains 31. Part of this is explained by the greater detail given in BIIR to the procedure to be followed and part by the certification provisions in BIIR and the separate treatment of enforcement of access rights and Art 11(6-8) return orders.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 23 contains the basic principle that a measure taken one contracting state shall be recognised by operation of law in other contracting states.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition by operation of law means simply that no proceedings are required to obtain recognition–however if a party seeks to enforce then this will require proceedings and within these another party may challenge recognition. Article 43 provides that documents (including orders) are exempt from legalisation or other formality. The grounds on which recognition (and therefore enforcement) may be refused are very similar to those found in Article 23 (a)–(g) of BIIR—although not identical, including manifest incompatibility, child not heard and default judgments. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 24 provides the procedure for seeking recognition or non-recognition of a “measure” (hence not including PR acquired by operation of law). Thus, a left-behind parent on a relocation case may seek to have the order which permits the custodial parent to live in England recognised so as to prevent a further move on.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 25 prevents the enforcing court questioning the jurisdictional basis on which the order was made. Article 27 provides that the enforcing court cannot review the merits of the decision.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">If recognition alone is insufficient and enforcement/registration for enforcement is required, Art 26 provides that such shall take place by a simple and rapid procedure as determined by the laws of the requested state. This is now found in the FPR. Enforcement may be refused on the grounds set out in Art 23. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 28 confirms that in enforcement applications the measure to be enforced is treated as a domestic order. If the measure is one which has no equivalent in the law of the requested state—the Explanatory Report gives an example of a public law measure—then the requested state may adapt it to fit what it can achieve or may need to exercise its own substantive jurisdiction (assuming a change of habitual residence). </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Co-operation: Chapter V</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">In support of the implementation and effectiveness of Chapters II, III and IV the Convention aims to improve the exchange of information between jurisdictions. Two lines of communication are envisaged. One is via the creation of central authorities and the other is by direct communication between competent authorities. This it seems may include courts as well as relevant public bodies. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 30 creates a general obligation to co-operate. Article 31 contains the core obligations; an obligation to facilitate communications in relation to applications for the transfer of jurisdiction, to facilitate by mediation, conciliation or similar means agreed solutions for the protection of the child and to provide assistance on discovering the whereabouts of a child where it appears the child may be present and in need of protection in the requested state. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">A central authority (or other competent authority) may make a request to another central authority in respect of a child who has a substantial connection with the requesting state but who is habitually resident and present in another state for a report on the situation of the child and request that protective measures are taken. The requested state is not obliged to provide the report. This would certainly cover relocation cases where the left behind parent continues to reside in the requesting state but has lost contact or who has concerns over the situation of the child.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 33 is the direct equivalent of BIIR Art 56 and imposes a mandatory requirement on the placing authority to consult with the CA or other competent authority of the requested state. The consent of the CA or other competent authority is also mandatory before placement can occur. In </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HSE-v-SC & AC</span></i><span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> C-92/12 PPU in the CJEU the ICACU confirmed they were not “the competent authority” within Art 56. The CJEU confirmed that the phrase must mean an authority governed by public law. The CJEU also confirmed that the placement order would have to be declared enforceable before placement occurred and that any appeal against such a declaration should not have a suspensive effect. See also: </span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HSE Ireland v SF (A Minor) </span></i><span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">[2012] EWHC 1640 (Fam), [2012] 2 FLR 1131.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">The FPR have been amended from 1 July 2012 to take account of this decision. In particular this contemplates that the arrangements for the placement, the immigration situation and the costs consequences will be the subject of consultation.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 34 formalises and facilitates the exchange of information about children the subject or potential subjects of protective measures. The first part of Article 35 is an attempt to “beef up” Art 21 of the 1980 Abduction Convention in respect of access rights. The second part enables a left behind parent who seeks access to his child (who is habitually resident in another contracting state) to ask the authorities of his country to carry out an assessment of him for use in proceedings in the other country. That report may both gather information and evidence but also assess the left-behind parent’s suitability to have access and under what conditions. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Article 36 deals with the situation Thorpe LJ was recently highlighting of children the subject of, particularly public law proceedings being moved across a border to avoid the authorities. The Article imposes an obligation to inform the authorities of the other state.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General Provisions: Chapter VI</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">This chapter covers a miscellany of items including the provision of a certificate to a parent/guardian confirming their authority to act, confirmation that the Convention does not affect the operation of the 1980 Hague Convention and that the 1996 Convention may be invoked to secure the return of the child and that the Convention only applies to measures if they are taken in a state after the Convention has entered into force for that state. So, old orders are not covered. For recognition and enforcement, the measure has to have been taken after the Convention entered into force for the state taking the original measure and for the country in which the recognition is sought. So for England any order which predates the entry into force will not be covered even if the 1996 Convention was in force in the country of origin.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6.9pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span lang="EN" style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Given the limited number of states (outside the EU) where the Convention has entered into force the use of it will perhaps be limited. However as the membership expands, and in particular if the US is able to get the Convention into effect this latest in the line of Hague Conventions should develop a growing impact</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Droid Sans"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div> </div>

A conventional approach

  David Williams QC provides an introduction to the 1996 Hague Convention The Hague Convention on Parental Responsibility and P...

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British fears grow over legal justification for Syria strike

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="firstPar"> <h1>  </h1> <br /> <h2> David Cameron is facing demands to set out the legal justification for military action against Syria amid mounting unease over the scale and speed of Britain’s commitment to another conflict in the Middle East. </h2> <br /> William Hague warned on Monday that force may be the only viable option in response to what the Government believes was a chemical attack by the Syrian regime which killed hundreds of people in Damascus last week. </div> <br /> <div class="secondPar"> Britain, America and France are united in their readiness to act and do not require any further United Nations resolution under international law, the Foreign Secretary said. John Kerry, the US secretary of state, described the chemical attack as a “moral obscenity” and warned that Bashar al-Assad, Syria’s president, must face “consequences”. </div> <br /> <div class="thirdPar"> Mr Hague’s comments led to calls for ministers to “make their case” and detail the legal basis and long-term objectives of entering Syria’s bloody civil war. </div> <br /> <div class="fourthPar"> As it emerged that the West could launch cruise missiles within days, a poll found wide public opposition to British involvement in “any kind” of military action in Syria. In a survey of 2,000 people by YouGov, only nine per cent supported sending British troops to fight in Syria, with 74 per cent against. Three-quarters backed sending humanitarian aid. </div> <br /> <div class="fifthPar"> The Russian government warned that a strike without UN backing would be a “blatant violation of international law” that would worsen the situation on the ground. </div> </div>

British fears grow over legal justification for Syria strike

  David Cameron is facing demands to set out the legal justification for military action against Syria amid mounting unease over the ...

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Solutions

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> anigoo daba socda qoraaladaydii xidhiidhka ahaa ee  hore ee aan luqadda Ingiriisiga ku qoray  cinwaankana aan uuga dhigay "Solutions" hadda iyo marka kale waxaan soo qaatay qoraal uu ka qoray wariyaha caanka ah ee Yuusuf garaad S/land oo uu cinwaan uuga dhigay<u>,<strong>Siyaasadda  arimaha dibadda ee Somaliland</strong></u>.qoraalkan qoraaqu waxa uu tabanayaa dhinacyo badan oo kale duwan oo dhamaantood ku aadan Somaliland iyo Somalia.<br /> <br /> waxa markaa is waydiin leh intee inleeg ayay haboon tahay ka S/land ahaan inaynu so dhawayno ama aan xidhiidh soke la yeelano amaba hadaf siyaasi ah ka yeelano dadka caynkan oo kale samaynta u leh ee u dhashay Somalia?<br /> <br /> qoraalku uu qoray waakan:-<br /> <br /> <strong>Siyaasadda  arimaha <u>dibadda ee Somaliland</u></strong><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Marka la barbardhigo Soomaaliya inteeda kale, Somaliland waxay ku tallaabsatay horumar dhinacyo badan leh oo la taaban karo. Waxaana aniga iigula muhiimsan horumarka ay ka gaartay xagga amniga iyo hirgelinta nidaamka axsaabta badan iyo doorashooyinka u suurtageliyay muwaaddin kasta uu saameyn yeesho, waa Dimuqraaddiyadda.<o:p></o:p><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Inkasta oo ay jirto dhaqaale xumo iyo shaqo la’aan da’yarta haysata, haddana waxaad moodda in Somaliland arrinta ugu muhiimsan ee ay raadineyso in ay tahay aqoonsi caalami ah. Geed dheer iyo mid gaabanba wey u fuushay.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Taas ayaa ugu wacan in Afartii Madaxweyne ee Somaliland soo martay ay magacaabaan isugeyn 13 Wasiir oo Arrimaha Dibdda midba mar loo xil saaray. Waxa ugu weyn ee loo diray waxay ahayd, kac oo aqoonsi raadi.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Somaliland doodo fara badan ayay caalamka soo hor dhigtay. Waxaa ka mid ah in Somaliland ay xorriyad iskeed u qaadatay 26 June 1960. Isla markaana ay iyada oo ah dal xor ah ay iskeed ugu biirtay Soomaaliya. Markii midnimadaasi ay anfaci weydayna ay iskeed ula soo noqotay madaxbannaanideedii. Waxay cuskatay Xeerkii Ururka Midnimada Afrika oo u xuubsiibtay Midowga Afrika ee ahaa in soohdimaha Afrika loo daayo sidii Gumeysigu uga tagey.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Somaliland ka dib markii ay ku guuleysatay in ay gacanta ku dhigto Sool oo markii hore ay Puntland ka talin jirtay, waxay doodda ku soo dartay in ay soohdimaheeda oo dhan gacanta ay ku heyso.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Doodaha Soomaaliland waxaa ka mid ahaa in la xasuuqay dadka Somaliland oo Qarankii Soomaaliya uu u adeegsaday ciidankii dowladda oo wata madaafiicda goobta, dabbaabado iyo dayaarado, welibana adeegsanaya calooshood-u-dirir ajnebi ah iyo qaxooti ka yimid Ethiopia. Waa dagaal aan aniga lafteydu 1989 iyo 1990 aan indhaheyga ku arkay qaar ka mid ah xad gudubyadii dadka rayidka ah loogu geystay Hargeysa, Berbera, Burco, Beer iyo weliba Borame iyo baadiyaheeda ilaa tuulooyin Awdal ka tirsan oo ay ka mid yihiin Qolujeed, Xaliimaale, Boon, Weeraar iyo Beysaarre.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Xataa waxaa jirtay dood uu mas’uul Somaliland ahi hadda ka hor yiri wax aan diinta ahayn ee Somali nagala dhexeeyaa ma jiraan. Inahaas oo dhan wey ku qancin waayeen caalamku in uu Somaliland u aqoonsado dal Madax bannaan.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Somaliland waxay Madaxweyne u dooratay Silaanyo, oo intaan kula soo ekaaday siyaasadda Soomaaliya, mar uu Wasiir ahaa, mar uu Jabhaddii SNM Hoggaaminayay, mar uu Wasiir ka ahaa Somaliland iyo mar uu hoggaamiye mucaarad noqday. Markii uu xilka qabtay Madaxweyne Silaanyo oo aan siyaasadda ka caajisin, waxaad mooddaa Siyaasaddiisa Arrimaha Dibadda oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa Dr. Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumar, in ay qaadatay dariiq ka duwan kuwii ka horreeyay.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Wasiirradii hore waxay qaar isku dayeen in Somaliya ay is diidsiiyaan oo sidii wax aan jirin ama aan waxba ka khuseyn ay u dhaqmaan. Qaarkood waxay isku dayeen in taariikhdu sida ay tahay aan looga warramin.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Haddaad fiiriso Afrika, Ethiopia waxaa ka go’day Eritrea. Labada ayaa isaga raalli ahaa. Sudan ayaa iyadana laga jaray South Sudan. Waxay ku timid wadahadal iyo heshiis labada dhinac ku dhex maray Naivasha, Kenya.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Markaa Dowladda Silaanyo, iyada oo aan joojin dariiqii dowladihii ka horreeyay ee Somaliland ay iskeed caalaamka aqoonsiga uga raadsanaysay ayay haddana waxay ku soo kordhisay dariiq cusub. Iyada oo aan ka tanaasulin Madaxbannaanideeda ayay furtay wadahadal fool-ka-fool ah oo ay la yeelato Somalia. Waa wax aan Somaliland marna hore suurta gal uga ahayn.</div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxay ku dhiirratay in ay ka qeyb gaho shirar siyaasad, ammaan iyo maalgelinba leh oo Soomaaliya loo qabtay, taas oo sida caalamku u arko ay Somaliland ka mid tahay. Waxaan goob joog ka ahaa Shirarkaas qaarkood ka dhacay Yurub iyo Afrika. Waxaan dhihi karaa, Dr. Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumar wuxuu shiiqiyay mas’uuliyiintii matalayay Dowladda Soomaaliya. Taas ulama jeedo isbarbardhigga laba Wasiir oo keliya.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Wasiirka Somaliland waxaa ka muuqday diyaar garow wanaagsan. In uu yaqaan waxa uu shirka ka rabo iyo danta uu ka leeyahay in uu ka gaaro. Waxaa kale oo hadalka u qurxiyay in uu hayo horumar la taaban karo oo uu soo bandhigo. <o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxaa kale oo uu ku helayay garowshiyo , dhiirrada ah in uu goobta yimid inkasta oo qaar badan oo dadka uu metalo ka mid ahi aanay raali ka ahayn in shir Soomaaliya ku saabsan laga qeyb galo. Waxaa loo arkayay in Somaliland ay wax muuqda qabsatay ayadoo taageerada ay deeq bixiyayaashu siiyaan Somaliland ay tahay mid ka yar tan lagu kharash gareeyo Soomaaliya. <o:p></o:p>Inahaas oo dhan waxaa uu ku helayay sacab ama garowshiyo ka xoog badan kan ergadii Soomaalidu ay helayeen.</div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Wasiirka Soomaaliya u hadlayay, saa wuu ka duwanaa. Goobaha qaarna waxaa Wasiirka Soomaaliya ka muuqatay kalsooni darro oo waxaaba ka garab hadlayay, Maamul goboleedyo, mararka qaar hadalkoodu is khilaafayo.</div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Dr. Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumar hadda waa laga wareejiyay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, waxaana loo magacaabay Maxamed Biixi Yonis, oo ah nin leh khibrad gaammurtay oo ah xagga maamulka hawlaha Qaramada Midoobay. Wuxuu ahaa ninka labaad ee Madaxda ka ah hawlgalka ballaaran ee Qaramada Midoobay ay ka waddao Darfur, Sudan. Wuxuu afkiisa ka sheegay in uu maamulyay miisaaniyad dhan $1.8b. Qof barteyda Facebook uga fallooday oo afka Sportiga adeegsaday wuxuu Biixi ku tilmaamay cayaaryahan halis ah oo ay Somaliland soo gatay.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxaa isaguna cududda Somaliland ku biiray Axmed Ismaaciil Samatar, oo aqoon iyo khibrad maamul isku darsaday. Waa Bare Sare oo Jaamacdeed iyo Hormuud, cimrigiisa inta bandan ku qaatay waxbaridda dhallinyaro Mareykan ah. Jaamacado kale oo badanna casharro ka jeediya. Buugaag badanna qoray. Waxaa uu ku takhasusay Xiriirka Caalamiga ah. Axmed waa hadal yaqaan aan waxba hambeyn marka uu Soomaali ku hadlayo iyo marka uu Ingiriis ku hadlayo labadaba.</div> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UEOPX1OzryGG4JaEOmdsD0uwkWjLHn0_hCuEvokySGQYrkT5Xmrc3nDLS4adlOzwEt6yifSNhWbCvIffFmvFJlOsThuJ22v5Dj8svFQeAHN0KyDsATm-pCsTja4iatip7M5RF2A0t-4/s1600/Prof-Axmed-Samatar1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UEOPX1OzryGG4JaEOmdsD0uwkWjLHn0_hCuEvokySGQYrkT5Xmrc3nDLS4adlOzwEt6yifSNhWbCvIffFmvFJlOsThuJ22v5Dj8svFQeAHN0KyDsATm-pCsTja4iatip7M5RF2A0t-4/s320/Prof-Axmed-Samatar1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Axmed markii aan ku wada hungownay doorashadii Muqdisho ee kal hore ee lagu doortay Madaxweyne, Xasan Shiikh, iyo weliba dhismihii dowladda, ayuu goostay in uu tago degaanka Gebiley oo uu ku dhashay. Soo dhoweyn, uu isaguba qirtay in aanuu fileyn, ayuu kala kulmay Somaliland inteeda badan oo uu cagta mariyay. Wuxuu qiray in uu hadda ka dib ka shaqeyn doono suuqgeynta Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliland.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Isbeddelkan Wasaaradda Dibadda lagu sameeyay ma cadda in micnihiisu yahay in Madaxweyne Silaanyo iyo kooxdiisa khusuusiga ahi ay u dan leeyihiin in ay wax ka beedelaan siyaasaddii dibadda.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxaan ogaan doonnaa 100 maalmood gudahood, taas oo ah muddada ka harsan, madasha ah in 120 maalmood gudahood ay labada dhinac isku arkaan.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Laakiin waxaan muran ka joogin arrinta aqoonsiga Somaliland sida ay muhiimadda koowaad ugu tahay  Hargeysa in xaalku ka duwan yahay Muqdisho.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Dowladda Federaalka ee Soomaaliya inkasta oo Somaliland aanay illowsaneyn oo weliba ay dhowr jeer la fariisatay, haddana aqoonsiga ama aqoonsi la’aanta Somaliland ma ahan sida Hargeysa ay ugu tahay mudnaanta koowaad. <o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Dhismaha dowladda ayaa inyar nooga ifinaya taas. Dadka Soomaaliyeed ee reer Somaliland ee sheegay in ay midnimo doon yihiin, hal Wasiir oo keliya ayaa ku jira Golaha Wasiirrada - Fowsiyo Yusuf Xaaji Aden, WasiirKa Dibadda iyo Ra’iisal Wasaare ku xigeen.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxyaabaha Dowladda hor yaallana waxaa ka mid ah sidii loo sugi lahaa ammaanka caasimadda oo marxalad xun maraya, xallinta dagaallada Shabeellada Hoose iyo Kismaayo, isu diyaarinta iyo ka qeyb galka shirka Brussels, ku dhaqaaqidda isbeddelka dhismaha xukuumadda ee saameeyay niyadda Wasiirrada qaar ka warhelay in la beddelayo laakiin weli sii jooga xafiiska, in Puntland la iska afgarto dastuurka, mushaar u helidda hey’adaha dowladda oo ay kuwa amnigu ugu horreeyaan, dhismaha hey’adaha dowladda, la dagaallanka musuqmaasuqa iyo diyaarinta wixii la fali lahaa marka xilliga baarlamaanku dhammaado - maaddaama aan jawi doorasho hadda soo muuqan.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Dowladda Xasan Shiikh iyo Saacid Shirdoon uma gaar aha, xataa xilligii KMG-ka dowlad kasta oo Muqdisho ka dhalata waxaa dhaqaaq u diiday arrimo soo dabra hanka iyo himilada hoggaamiyayaasheeda, kuwaasoo qaar badan ay u sabab yihiin Soomaali kale.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Ugu dambeyntii waxaan shaki ku jirin in culeyska horyaalla dowladda Soomaaliya iyo miisaanka u sii kordhaya Hargeysa, oo lagu daray oonka caalamku u qabo in shidaal laga soo saaro dalkeennu ay tahay mid rajo ku abuuri karta taageerayaasha Somaliland.<o:p></o:p></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Waxaa la gudboon Dowladda Soomaaliya in haddii ay wadahadalladu sii socdaan in ay tayada u sii kordhiso ergada la xaajooneysa Somaliland. Ergadaas waxaad hadda mooddaa in lagu soo xulay nidaamka Baarlamaanka lagu soo xulay mid la mid ah. Qore:Yuusuf Garaad</div> </div> </div>

Solutions

anigoo daba socda qoraaladaydii xidhiidhka ahaa ee  hore ee aan luqadda Ingiriisiga ku qoray  cinwaankana aan uuga dhigay "Solutions...

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Ramadaan Kariim

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Salaamu  Calaykum,<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2r50qx0UBs2GiiXSlWo6yfc1Oksq_23sZq6TChoi3dTaVtUgDAsTquu6-eoyS2-hna9L8-z_6I6JLLxvYr5DtAPI9RTkt-NzbJBzyU8pb9XkQWtnHQD9Ng6wyEfT5g6JMeBedjTLtMqrz/s1600/ramadaan+kariim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2r50qx0UBs2GiiXSlWo6yfc1Oksq_23sZq6TChoi3dTaVtUgDAsTquu6-eoyS2-hna9L8-z_6I6JLLxvYr5DtAPI9RTkt-NzbJBzyU8pb9XkQWtnHQD9Ng6wyEfT5g6JMeBedjTLtMqrz/s1600/ramadaan+kariim.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">  </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">  </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> Ramadaan Kariim</div> </div>

Ramadaan Kariim

Salaamu  Calaykum,     Ramadaan Kariim

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Hambalyo Meher

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Hambalyo Meher

Waxaan halkan uuga dirayaa hambalyo iyo bogaadin Meherka Walaalkay En,Mukhtaar Omar Ali iyo Ayaan sh oo meherkoodu ka dhacay ka dhacay Cr...

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Solutions

In the following article which I titled "Solutions" there will be several articles which we will look how we can have the proper institutions and bring not only the critics but also the solution that you think could make us move forward. today i started it with Local government solutions. Solutions:- There could be several solutions to these long standing problems which has undermined the development of the local governments of Somaliland in general, these solutions could be legal ones like to amend the existing laws into laws that can mend and solve the legal issue problems which mostly face between the council and Moyers of the cities, on the other hand the staffing problems could be solved through educating and motivation and also to be taken on guardian bureaucracy and leaf the casting bureaucracy which really has under mined and discouraged the working staff, on the electing councilors, each region and district should elect rich or young energetic council who has ambition and vision to develop to his or her region or district. lastly to equip and train the staff with new technology which could beyond doubt enhance and modernize the way they store their data and evaluate the staff.

Solutions

In the following article which I titled "Solutions" there will be several articles which we will look how we can have the proper i...

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The law of Transfer of prisoners

Qeybta 1aad Eray Bixin iyo Ujeedada Xeerkan Qodobka 1aad(Eray bixin) Xeerkani wuxuu erayadan soo socda ulajeedaa sidan soo socota: “Hayadda Awooda u leh ” marka loo eego Somaliland waxa loola jeedaa wasiirka Cadaaladda ama qof wasiirku u magacaabay si waafaqsan xeerkan; Sidoo kale marka loo eego dawlad kale waxa loola jeedaa hayadda masuulka ka ah maareynta iyo wareejinta maxaabiista dawladaas kale. “Taliye ” waxa loola jeedaa taliyaha ciidanka asluubta. “Wadanka la tilmaamay” waxa loola jeedaa; wadan kasta oo uu xeerkani tilmaamo. “Wasiir” macnaheedu wuxuu yahay wasiirka cadaaladda ee u qaabilsan arrimaha xabsiyada. “Maxaabuus” waxa loola jeedaa; muwaadin u dhashay Somaliland oo xukun lagu riday xadhigiis ku qaadanaya wadan tilmaaman ama muwaadin dal tilmaaman oo xukun ay ku riday Somaliland. “Wareejin” Waxa loola jeedaa; ka soo warejin maxbuus wadan tilmaaman oo la keenayo Somaliland ama ka wareejin maxbuus Somaliland oo loo wareejinayo wadan tilmaaman. “ Amar” Waxa loola jeedaa; go’aan garsoor oo amaraya kusoo wareejin maxbuus Somaliland ama ka wareejin maxbuus Somaliland. QAYBTA: 2aad KU WAREEJIN MAXAABIIS SOMALILAND Qodobka 2aad (Ujeedada Xeerkan) 1. Xeerkan wareejinta maxbuuska waa xeer ka dhaxaynaya Dalkan Somaliland iyo Waddan kale, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in maxbuus xukuman laga wareejiyo dalkii xukumay oo loo wareejiyo dal kale . Qodobka 3aad (waddan tilmaaman) (1). Marka heshiis maxaabiis isku wareejiin ay Somaliland la gasho dal kale oo tilmaaman, wasiirka cadaalad waxa uu go’aankaas ku soo saarayaa warbaahinta rasmiga ah ee qaranka isaga oo mujinaya in qaybaha xeerkan lagu dabaqayo wadankaas; iyaguna si la mid ah marka loo eego shuruudaha, tilmaamaha iyo waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee la iskula qaatey heshiiska. Qodobka 4aad (Codsiga wareejinta) (1) Wasiirka markuu codsi ka helo hay’ada awooda u leh ee dalkaas tilmaaman oo tilmaamaysa: (a) In Maxbuus ama wakiilkiisu dalbaday in loo wareejiyo Somaliland oo dalkaasina uu aqbaly wareejinta; (b) In Waddankaasi dalbanayo soo wareejinta maxbuuska iyo codsiga maxbuuska oo rabitaankiisa ku dalbanaya wareejintaas. (2) Wasiirku isagoo la tashanayaa Xeer- ilaaliyaha Guud, wuxuuna markaas go’aaminayaa in la aqbalo ama la diido wareejintaas. Qodobka 5aad (Shuruudaha Codsiga Maxbuuska) (1) Codsiga wareejinta maxaabus si waafaqsan xeerkan waxaa laga doonaya in laga helo tilmaamahan hoos ku sheegan: a) Magaca, Jinsi (dheddig ama lab), taariikhda iyo meesh uu ku dhashay. Haddii aanay taariikhda dhalashadu sugnayn waxaa la qiyaasayaa da’da maxbuuska. (b)Ciwaanka maxbuuska ee Somaliland haddiiba uu jiro. © Nuqul sugan ee xukunka Maxbuuska ama amarada kale ee maxkamadeed. (d) qoraal ku saabsan cadeymaha sugan ee xaqiiqooyinka iyo waxyaabaha ku gedaaman ee lagu salayeeyay xukunka ama amarkaas. (e) Nooca xukunku yahay , waqtiga xukunka bilaabmay iyo mudadda xukunka (f) Warbixinta caafimaad ama macluumaadka kale ee ku saabsan maxbuuska oo ay ku jiraan warbixinta daaweyntiisa uu ku qaatay dalkaas iyo wixii talo bixin ah ee la xidhiidha daaweyntiisa dambe ee Somaliland. (g) Ciwaankii ugu danbeeyey ee meesha uu daganaa maxbuusku. (h) Saddex qof magacyadooda iyo ciwaanadood oo lagala xidhiidhi karo marka uu maxbuusku yahay mid aan Somaliland u dhalan oo aan si rasmi ah u dagnayn Somaliland. (i) Iyo Warbixinadda kale oo wasiirku u arko inay lagama maarmaan u yihiin wareejinta maxbuuska. Qodobka 6aad (Macluumaad dheeraad ah) (1) Wasiirku isagoo tixraacaya codsiga ku tilmaaman qodobka 4aad ee xeerkan, wuxuu waddanka la tilmaamay ka codsan karaa in macluumaad dheeraad ah u soo gudbiyaan oo la xidhiidha: (a) sababta uu Maxbuusku ku codsaday in loo wareejiyo Somaliland ama raaliga ugu yahay wareejinta. (b) In maxbuuska, marka loo eego jidh ahaan iyo maskax ahaan ama da’ ahaan aanu awoodin inuu rabitaankiisa wax ku dalbado, hasayeeshee qof kale dalbaday isagoo ka wakiil ah maxbuuska Qodobka 7aad (wareejinta reeban) (1) Wasiirka maxa ka reeban inuu ogolaado wareejin maxbuuska si waafaqsan xeerkan haddii maxbuuska wax ka yar lix bilood ay uga hadhsan tahay xukunka xadhigiisa marka laga reebo duruufo gaar ah oo jira awgood. Qodobka 8aad (Wargelinta go’aanka) (1) marka uu wasiirku go’aaminayo dalabka wareejinta maxbuuska wuxuu markaas: (a) ogaysiinayaa go’aanka diidmada hay’adda qaabilsan ee dalkaas tilmaaman; (b) ogeysiinayaa go’aanka oggolaanshaha wareejinta hay’adda qaabilsan dalkaas tilmaaman wuxuuna ku soo saarayaa amar lagu tilmaamayo ujeedadaas. (2) Maxbuuska ama Maxbuuska Wakiilkiis ee ah dadka ka cabanaaya go’aanka Wasiirka waxaa u bannaan inay dalbaan dib- u -eegis maxkamadeed ee go’aankaas. Qodobka 9aad (Amarka soo wareejinta Maxbuuska) (1) Marka Wasiirku ogolaado wareejinta Maxbuuska, wuxuu markaas soo saarayaa amar ogolaanaya: (a) in Maxbuuska laga soo wareejiyo dalkaas tilmaaman oo la keeno Somaliland; (b) in soo raridda maxbuuskaas uu qaabilsan yahay Sarkaal loo xilsaaray oo geyn doona meel xabsi ah oo lagu tilmaamay amarkaas gudihiisa. © xabsiga maxbuuska si waafaqsan tilmaamahan lagu sheegay amarka ,waxa ku jiri doona tilmaamo sugan oo ku haboon habka soo wareejinta iyo qorshaha qabanqaabada wareejinta maxbuuska. Qodobka 10aad( Xaalado gaar ah) (1) Muwaadin reer Somaliland ah oo dembi lagu eedayey isagoo jooga waddan tilmaaman, iyadoo:- (a) Maxkamad waddankaasi ahi ay ku amartay in lagu hayo xabsi sababtoo ah waxaa la ogaadey in uu yahay qof waalan ama xiskiisu dhiman yahay ama aan degenayn maskax ahaan maxkamadna la soo taagi karin. (b) la ogaaday inuu yahay dambiile laakiin waqtiga uu fal dambiyeedka gaystey wuxuu ahaa qof xiskiisu dhiman yahay. Hadaba qofkaas lagu soo wareejinayo Somaliland waa inay soo codsataa hayadda awooda u lahayd ee dalkaas iyadoo ay la jirto ogolaanshaha xeer ilaaliyaha guud. Qodobka 11aad(Qoritaanka qoraalada) (1) codsi kasta oo xidhiidha soo wareejin maxbuus iyo jawaabta laga bixinayaa waa inay ahaadaan qoraal. (2) dhamaan arrimaha la xidhiidha wareejinta maxbuuska waa inay ahaadaan kuwo qeexan . Qodobka 12aad(Aqoonsiga Qoraalada) (1).Nuqulka xukunka ama amaradda ku tilmaaman qodobka 5aad waa in:- a)Loo aqbalo cadaymo sugan waxyaabaha lagu tilmaamay. b)loo tixgaliyaa sidii xukun ama amar ka soo baxay maxkamad awooda u leh ee Somaliland. c) dhamaan qoraaladda loo baahan yahay ee lagu tilmaamay xeerkan waxaa loo aqoonsayaa kuwa sugan haddii qoraaladaas ay soo sugeen ama saxeexeeen garsoore ama qof kale oo masuul ka ah hay’addaha ciqaabka ee dalkaas ee uu ku xidhnaa maxbuusku, waxana loo qadanayaa cadaymo xaqiijinaya waxyaabaha ay tilmaamayaan hadii aan si ka duwan loo cadayn. (2) qoraaladda lagu tilmaamay qaybtan marka la aqbalo: a) Waxa loogu dhaqmayaa sida kuwa ay sugeen ama ay saxeexeen si la mid ah qof la xukumay Somaliland b) si waafaqsan xeerkan waxa raadkooda sharci loo tix galineyaa waxyaabaha ay xanbaarsanyihiin. Qodobka 13aad(Xabsi ka dhimista Maxbuuska) (1) Maxbuuska la soo wareejiyey ee ku xukuman xabsi: (a) Waxa uu xaq u lahaanayaa xabsi ka dhimis mudadada uu xidhan yahay haddii uu mutaysto laga bilaabo maalinta la soo wareejiyo si waafaqsan xeerka dalkaas la tilmaamay uu dhigayo marka loo eego xabsi ka dhimista. (b) Waxa uu xaq u lahaanayaa xabsi ka dhimis mudada xabsiga uga dhiman si la mid ah maxbuus lagu xukumay xadhig xukun ka soo baxay maxkamad Somaliland ah oo u dhiganta mudadaas. (2) xabsi ka dhimis xadhig si waafaqsan xeerkan qodobkan xubintiisa (1) xarafka (a) waxa uu mutaysan karaa in la mariyo talaabo anshax oo ka dhalatay faldanbiyeed uu galay si la mid ah hadii xabsi ka dhimis lagu helay si waafaqsan xubinta 1aad xarakiisa(b). Qodob Qodobka 14aad(Xabsiga lagu haynayo Maxbuuska) (1) Sida lagu soo sheegey qeybtan, maxbuus la soo wareejiyay waxaa lagu xidhayaa xabsiga ama meelaha uu sheego wasiirka inta uga hadhay xukunkiisa. (2) Maxbuus la soo wareejiyay, marka loo eego maxbuuskaa lagu xukumo Somaliland haddii ay da’diisu yar tahay,oo ay keenayso in lala tiigsado xeerka caruurta waxa markaas lagu dhaqayaa xeerka caruurta ee u yaala somaliland. Qodobka 15aad (kusiidayn Anshaxwanaag Maxbuuska) (1) Haddii maxbuuska inta aan la soo wareejin uu anshax wanaag muujiyo oo la siidaayo isagoo jooga waddan la tilmaamay, muddo kadibna lagala noqdo, muddadaa waxaa lagu darayaa xukunkiisa uu ku qaadanayo Somaliland. (2) Maxbuus waqtiga la soo wareejinayay lagu siidaayey anshax wanaag uu sameeyey awgeed (on parole)markuu joogey waddankaas la tilmaamay oo ah meeshii lagu xukumay. , marka loo soo wareejiynayo Somaliland maxbuuskaas waxa loola dhaqmayaa si la mid ah maxbuuska Somaliland loogu siidaayo anshax wanaaga xataa haddii aanu noqon maxbuuskaasi mid aan u qalim kusiideyntaas anshax wanaaga ah marka loo eego xeerka kusiideynta anshax wanaaga ee somalaliland. (3) Jebinta mid ka mid ah shuruudahii lagu siidayey maxbuuska waxa loo tixgelinayaa inuu masuul ka yahay raadka ka dhasha jabintaas si la mid ah maxbuuska jebiyey shuruudihii lagu sii dayey marka loo eego xeerka Somaliland Qodobka 16aad (Saamaxaad uu fidiyo Madaxweynuhu) (1) xeerkan laguma fasiri karo si ka duwan awoodaha madaxweynuhu ku leeyahay saamaxaada (pardon) marka loo eego Dustuurka Somaliland (2) Awoodda saamaxaada marka loo fidiyo maxbuus la soo wareejineyo oo ku sugan waddankaas la tilmaamay waxa loo raacayaa si la mid ah awooda isticmaalkaas ee madaxweynuhu leeyahay marka loo eego dastuurka Somaliland. Qeybta Saddexaad – Ka wareejinta Maxaabiista Somaliland Qodobka 17aad(Wargelinta Maxbuuska la wareejinayo) (1) Marka ay heshiis wada galaan Somaliland iyo dal tilmaaman si Maxbuus looga wareejiyo Somaliland, markaas Taliyaha Ciidanka Asluubtu waa in uu ogeysiiyaa maxbuuska dalkaas u dhashay ujeedooyinka heshiiska. (2) Maxbuusku wuxuu codsi qoraal ah ugu soo gudbin karaa Wasiirka, in loogu wareejiyo dalkaas tilmaaman, isagoo u soo marinaaya Taliyaha Ciidanka Asluubta; (3)Wasiirku haddii uu aqbalo codsigaa wareejinta, waa in uu dalab u diraa hay’ada qaabilsan wareejinta ee dalkaas la tilmaamay iyadoo ay la jiraan: (a) Codsigii uu sameeyay maxbuusku ama nuqul sugan oo codsigaas ah, (b) Shuruudaha gaarka ah ee lagu tilmaamay qodobka 5aad ee xeerkan. Qodobka 18aad ( Wareejinta Maxbuuska) (1) Haddii Dalkaasi tilmaamani uu ogolaado wareejinta maxbuuska, Wasiirku waa in uu markaas u diraa hay’ada qaabilsan ee dalkaas dalab soo saaris amar ogolaanaya in laga soo qaado maxbuuska xabsiga lagu hayay oo lagaga soo saarayo Somaliland laguna wareejinayo hay’ada masuulka ka ah xabsiga loo wareejinayo ee dalkaa tilmaaman; (2) Iyadoo wax loo dhimayn qodobada xeerkan, marka dalka tilmaaman uu aqbalo in loo soo wareejiyo maxaabiis u dhashay dalkaa, si ay xukunka inta u hadhsan ugu qaataan dalkaa, Wasiirku isagoo raacaya shuruudaha uu heshiiskaasi xambaarsan yahay wuxuu qaadayaa talaabooyinka waafaqsan qodobka afraad ee la xidhiidha wareejinta maxbuuska ee dalkaas Qeybta Afraad – Xabsiga iyo wareejinta Maxbuuska Qodobka 19aad(Xaaladda Maxbuuska marka la wareejinayo) (1) Maxbuuska loo soo wareejinayo ama laga wareejinayo Somaliland waxaa loo aqoonsanayaa in uu yahay qof ku sugan xabsi, qofka la socdana waxaa loo qaadanayaa qof u xilsaaran ilaalinta maxbuuska; (2) Haddii maxbuuska ku tilmaaman faqradan hore uu ka baxsado hayntaa sharciga ah, waxaa loo aqoonsanayaa si la mid maxbuus ka baxsaday xabsi loogu hayay amar ka soo baxay hay’adaha awooda u leh ee Somaliland Qodobka 20aad (Iswaafiqid la’aanta Xukunka iyo Sharciga dalka) (1.) Iyadoon wax loo dhimayn qodobada xeerkan, marka xukunka maxbuuska loo soo wareejiyay Somaliland uu ka soo baxay dal tilmaaman ee dabeecada ama muddada xabsigu aanay waafaqsanayn shuruucda Somaliland, markaas Madaxwaynuhu wuxuu fidin karaa cafiska ku tilmaaman Qod:90aad, faqradiisa 5aad ee Dastuurka JSL; intii suuragal ah ee uu ka waafaqsanaanayo xukunkaas shisheeye. Qodobka 21aad(Dhamaanshaha Xukunka) Marka maxbuus la soo wareejiyey oo xukun ku qaadanaya Somaliland uu wasiirku ogaado in dalkii maxbuuska laga soo wareejiyay uu adeegsaday cafis ama awood kale oo xukunka ka dhigaysa mid aan ka sii fuli karin dalkaas; talaabadaas oo la qaaday waxyar ka hor markii maxbuuska lagu soo wareejinaayey Somaliland;markaas wuxuu amrayaa in aan maxbuuska xukunkaas awgiis xabsiga loogu sii hayn karin. (2) Marka maxbuus shisheeye uu xukun ku qaadanayo dal tilmaam, kaas oo laga soo wareejiyay Somaliland si waafaqsan xeerkan, haddana intii lagu jiray wareejinta la adeegsaday awood ka dhigaysa xukunkaa mid aan laga sii fulin karin Somaliland ama xukunkiiba mid dhamaaday, Wasiirku wuxuu dalkaas tilmaaman ee loo wareejiyay maxbuuska shisheeye ku wargelinayaa in aan maxbuuska xukunkaas awgiis xabsiga loogu sii hayn Karin. Qodobka 22aad (Kharshka wareejinta Maxbuuska) (1) Marka Maxbuus la wareejinayo kharashka wareejinta maxbuuska si waafaqsan xeerkan wuxuu saaran yahay Somaliland iyo dalkaas la tilmaamay hadba sida lagu heshiiyey. (2) Marka maxbuuska la wareejinayaa uu yahay muwaadin u dhashay Somaliland, markaas kharashka wareejintu wuxuu saaran yahay qofka maxbuuska ah ama wakiilkiis, waxaana wasiirku dalban karaa qof damiin ah si loo sugo in kharashkaas dib loogu celiyo xukuumadda. (3) Kharash kasta oo ku xusan farqadda 2aad waxaa loo tixgelinayaa dayn madani ah oo ay leedahay Xukuumaddu. (4) Farqadda 2aad iyo 3aad lama dabakhaayo marka wasiirka ay u muuqato inaanay cadaalad ahayn oo aanay xaq ahayn inuu adeegsado awoodahaas lagu tilmaamay farqadahaas, sababtoo ah: a)Duruufo gaar ah oo jira awgood; b)Dhaqaalaha maxbuuska oo aan dabooli karin kharashka looga baahan yahay sidoo kale soo celinta deyntaas oo aan suurtogal ahayn marka loo eego Maxbuuska ama cid kale oo isaga ka wakiil ah. c) iyadoo dawladdaas tilaaman ay isla waafaqeen dal saddexaad inuu u wareejiyo ama ka wareejiyo maxbuuska dalkaas iyadoo la fulinaayo qorshe la isla meel dhigay. Qodobka 23aad (sii hakashada Maxbuuska) (1) Waddanka u baahda fasax si ay uga soo degaan oo ay ugu sii hakadaan Somaliland Maxbuus iyo Ilaalada la socota, waxay weydiisanayaa Wasiirka ogolaansho dal ku soo deg iyo ku-hakasho Somaliland. (2) Wasiirku wuu diidi karaa inuu soo saaro ogolaanshaha ku-hakashada marka: a) Qofka wareejinta loo doonayaa uu yahay mid u dhashay Soomaliland; b) Dembiga lagu xukumay uu yahay mid aan dembi ka ahayn marka loo eego Shuruucda dalka Somaliland; c) Qofka la wareejinayaa uu yahay mid la baadigoobaayey iyadoo loo haysto dembi ka dhan ah shuruucda Somaliland. (3) Oggolaanshaha lagu soo saaray si waafaqsan xubinta (1) ee qodobkan wuxuu u banaynayaa in maxbuuska lagu hayo xabsi waqti ku-meel-gaadh ah oo suurtrogal ah si loogu fududeeyo dawladda dalbanaysa wareejinta iyo midda loo wareejinaayo. (4) lagu soo wareejiyey si waafaqsan xubinta (1) ee qodobkan , muddada uu joogo Somaliland looma xidhi karo isla markaana looma xayiri karo iyadoo loo haysto dembi uu galay ama xukun lagu riday awgeed ka hor intii aanu ka soo ambabixin dalkaas tilmaaman. Qodobka 24aad (Xeer-nidaamiye) (1) Wasiirku wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro xeer-nidaamiye fududeeya oo lagu dhaqan-gelinaayo Xeerkan. (2) Xeer-nidaamiyaha laga soo saaro xeerkan, waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa : (a) qaabka ama habka uu maxbuusku u dalbanaayo codsiga soo wareejinta ama ka wareejinta soomaliland; (b) Arrin kasta oo looga baahan yahay ama oggolaansho kasta Oo Lagu sheegay xeerkan (3) Xeer-nidaamiye kala duwan waxaa loo samayn karaa waddamo tilmaaman oo kala gedisan. Dhammaad

The law of Transfer of prisoners

Qeybta 1aad Eray Bixin iyo Ujeedada Xeerkan Qodobka 1aad(Eray bixin) Xeerkani wuxuu erayadan soo socda ulajeedaa sidan soo socota: “Hay...

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